The complete guide to G-CSF injections

What is G-CSF and when will I need it?

G-CSF or ‘granulocyte-colony stimulating factor’ is made naturally in the body to stimulate your bone marrow to release stem cells into your bloodstream. G-CSF injections are a synthetic version of this naturally occurring growth factor.

G-CSF injections are given before you donate your stem cells to boost your white cells and to release stem cells into the bloodstream ready to collect. You will need to have a daily course of the injections in the four days leading up to your donation.

G-CSF is also given to some patients receiving treatment for cancer. It makes their bone marrow produce white blood cells which have been depleted by chemotherapy, and helps them to fight infections.

How will I get the G-CSF medication?

The G-CSF medication is pre-filled syringes which will be couriered to your home address usually between 3-7 days before the first date of your injections. The medication should remain in its outer packaging to protect it from light and must be kept in the fridge (2°C - 8°C) until it is required for use. Once it is taken out of the fridge it can be stored at room temperature for a minimum of 8 days until used.

There are two sizes of syringes, or vials as they are commonly referred to, 1) 30 micrograms, and 2) 48 micrograms.

Your daily dose is worked out per kg of your body weight so the number of injections each day will vary between one and four injections depending on your weight.

How are G-CSF injections administered?

There are three different routes that donors can follow to receive their G-CSF injections:

Donor administration - either you or a family member/friend administers the full course yourself (all four days) by following our detailed instructions.

Donor administration with nurse training - a nurse visits you on the first day to train you or a family member/friend and you then administer the following three days of injections yourself.

Nurse administration visits - a nurse visits you each day for four days to administer the injections for you.

The most common way is for donors or a family member/friend to administer the full course of injections but you can choose whichever route you feel most comfortable with, and you can always call  the Anthony Nolan team at any point for support and advice. You can read more about donor administration and how it works here.

We’ve found that donors who choose to administer the injections feel really positive about it and appreciate the independence and convenience, although it’s natural to feel a bit nervous at first. Step-by-step instructions are on the next page.

What to expect during your course of G-CSF injections

Every donor is different and will experience G-CSF injections differently, though the majority of donors will experience some side-effects, the most common being bone pain as your body is busy producing stem cells.

A doctor will also chat through what to expect at your medical assessment, and you can ask them or your Anthony Nolan coordinator any questions.

This is what you might expect to happen on each day of your injections:

• Day 1: On your first day of injections you will likely feel a little nervous but you will have everything you need to to administer yourself or by a family member/friend. Please ensure you eat and drink before administering your first dose. If a nurse is visiting you they will explain how it will all work and stay with you for an hour after to make sure you’re OK. You probably won’t feel any side-effects just yet, but they do build up as the days go on, so it’s best to take it easy from the start. If you are unsure of your daily dosage please contact either your coordinator during office hours, or if before 9am/after 5pm/at the weekend call 07710 599161.
• Day 2: Ideally you will have the injections at the same time each day as this will reduce the side effects and help produce more stem cells. We recommend doing them early evening where possible so that your last injections are closer to the start of your donation, and also so you may sleep through any side effects, but this is not essential. You may start to experience some aches, such as headaches and bone pain, so remember to contact Anthony Nolan if you have any questions about pain relief options.
• Day 3: Many donors experience bone pain or headaches, especially on the third day of G-CSF administration. Some donors also start to experience some side-effects that prevent them from pursuing their usual activities – this can include nausea, vomiting, aches in the lower back and chest region, and difficulty sleeping. Each person experiences side-effects differently, and although the majority find them manageable, it’s important to rest and not do any strenuous activity.
  
  If your job is particularly strenuous and you can’t carry out your usual duties, we can help cover any loss of earnings if you need to take time off – speak to your Anthony Nolan coordinator for help with this.

• Day 4: You’ll have your final injections today. You might be feeling quite tired by now and experiencing more side-effects – it would be a good idea to check over your travel plans to get to the the Collection Centre for your donation and continue to take it easy.
• Donation day: Now you are ready to donate the stem cells your body was busy producing over the last four days. Many donors find their symptoms start to ease as soon as their donation starts. You can find out more about what the donation involves here.

• After your donation, while you are still at the hospital, the lab staff will process your stem cells. They will check if enough have been collected, and if a second donation the next day is needed. If you are asked to return for a second day, you will need to have a fifth dose of G-CSF injections.
  
  In less than 1% of cases, G-CSF doesn’t work properly and not enough cells are produced over the two days. This is very unlikely to happen, but if it does, you may be asked to donate bone marrow.
• After your donation: Donors who donate via PBSC often find they feel tired for one or two days following their donation, so it’s important to still rest and take some time away from your work or studies if possible. Some donors experience mild bruising from the donation procedure and some lingering pain. These symptoms will reduce and should have resolved within the first week post-donation.

Here's how some of our donors felt about the experience:

How to deal with G-CSF side effects:

G-CSF is given to over 15,000 donors around the world every year, and it has an excellent long-term safety record. While side-effects are common, they usually pass very quickly and there are some key things you can do to help:

Simple pain relief

If you need to take pain relief, we recommend taking paracetamol first to see if that helps. You can also take ibuprofen up until 24 hours before your donation (which means on days 1-3 of G-CCSF, but not on the 4th day). You must not take aspirin; this is due to the fact it can stay in the system and affect platelet function for 7 days).

If paracetamol doesn’t help, then please contact your Anthony Nolan coordinator for advice who can recommend something stronger or they can ask the medical officer to call you if needed.

Other side effects 

More serious side effects from G-CSF injections are extremely rare, however they have been reported and as a result we know what signs to look out for. We’ve included some details here so you can be aware and know when to seek help.

Our 24-hour emergency line is available to all donors in case you are concerned about anything to do with your donation and any side-effects. Call 07710 599161 anytime for help or advice.

Rare side-effects 

• Ruptured spleen: If G-CSF makes the spleen very large, there is a risk that this may rupture. This is extremely rare in healthy donors, but it has been documented in case reports. The risk is estimated to be between 1 in 5000 and 1 in 10,000 and it is thought to be related to increased number of days and dose of G-CSF. For this reason, all donors undergo medical examination to assess the size of their spleen before starting the process, we give an absolute maximum of 5 days of G-CSF and we use a dose of 10mcg/kg. If at any point you notice pain or enlargement in your left upper abdomen, please let your Anthony Nolan coordinator know and our medical officer will contact you to chat about it and decide if you need a scan of your abdomen.
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): This is an extremely rare side effect that has been reported only a few times. This is happens when you develop fluid on the lung and can make you feel short of breath. The rare cases reported in the literature have sometimes been associated with previously undiagnosed infection prior to taking the G-CSF. If you develop shortness of breath then contact the Anthony Nolan 24-hour emergency line will arrange for you to be reviewed.
• Serious allergic (anaphylactic) reactions: With any new medication there is always a risk of allergy in the form of an anaphylactic response. The risk of anaphylaxis with G-CSF is between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10,000. You must have someone with you when administering your first dose(s) of G-CSF on day 1 and you/they must call 999 in the very unlikely event of symptoms of anaphylaxis.
• Kidney injury and capillary leak syndrome: Another extremely rare side effect is a change in your kidney function. This is why we always assess the kidney function at medical including checking urine for blood and protein. There is the rare possibility of G-CSF unmasking pre-existing health conditions, such as IgA nephropathy, and therefore care is taken to screen donors.

Long term side-effects

The long-term side effects of G-CSF are closely monitored by Anthony Nolan and registries around the world, by following up donors for 10 years after donation with regular questionnaires. In a global study of over 27,000 donors, no differences were found between stem cell donors and the general public in terms of reporting malignancies or other long-term health problems in this follow-up period.

We also make sure all our donors have a full medical check before donating in order to minimise the risk of any long-term side-effects.

If you have any questions or concerns about any of this information, or want to get advice on any side-effects, please speak to your Anthony Nolan coordinator or call the 24-hour emergency line on 07710 599161 if your question is urgent.

GCSF emergency information - This document contains Anthony Nolan’s emergency contact details for when you’re donating and information for a medical professional in case you require details of what G-CSF injections you’re having.